By: Josh Sloat

In this month’s episode, we’re getting high on innovation with a deep dive into cannabis patents.  As more and more states relax restrictions on both medical and recreational uses of marijuana and hemp, the U.S. cannabis industry is projected to reach $50 billion in sales this year and over $74.6 billion by 2032! This rapid growth is happening despite immense challenges brought on by a complex and conflicting web of legal disparities between federal and state laws. These legal challenges include limited access to financial institutions and the inability to transport products across state lines, but what about patents? THC - the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis – was deemed a Schedule One drug under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970. This is the most restrictive category for drugs in the eyes of the federal government. And unlike most other property rights, patents fall squarely within federal jurisdiction. So what does this mean for inventors in the space hoping to protect their cannabis-related innovations?
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For the answer, we turned to the expert in the space. There have only been five or so cannabis patent infringement cases ever filed in the United States, and our guest host today has worked on two of them. James Gourley is a partner at Carstens, Allen & Gourley, LLP, and a registered patent attorney with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. James served on the Dallas Bar Association's Intellectual Property Section Board before moving to Denver. He is a member of the State Bar of Texas and Colorado and is admitted to practice in the U.S. District Courts for the Northern, Southern, Eastern, and Western Districts of Texas, the District of Colorado, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, and the United States Supreme Court. James has been a pioneer in the budding space of cannabis IP law and brings incredible depth of expertise, based on first-hand experience, to our conversation.
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To help make sense of all of this and so that your IP rights don’t just go up in smoke, James and the panel discuss:

• Cannabis at the molecular level, specifically THC and CBD, and how the subtle differences underscore the complexity of cannabis legality.
• The present legal framework around cannabis and the challenges that come via a patchwork of conflicting state and federal laws.
• Cannabis IP issues surrounding obtaining and asserting both patents and trademarks, including insights from the cases James has personally litigated. 
• And patent prosecution strategies to help ensure your rights are enforceable in a federal court.

​James leads this blunt conversation with our always exceptional group of IP experts, including:

• Dr. Ashley Sloat, President and Director of Patent Strategy at Aurora
• Dr. David Jackrel, President of Jackrel Consulting
• Kristen Hansen, Patent Strategy Specialist at Aurora
• Marie Smyth, Patent Agent at Brake Hughes Bellermann LLP

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In this month's Mossoff Minute, Professor Adam Mossoff discusses six new anti-patent bills that the Senate Judiciary Committee recently advanced, despite being backed by bogus data. ​We’re also publishing excerpts as short-form videos on Instagram Reels, YouTube Shorts, and TikTok.
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​Patently Strategic is available on all major podcasting directories, including Apple Podcasts and Spotify. We're also available on 12 other directories including Stitcher, iHeart Radio, and TuneIn, so you should be able to find us wherever you listen to podcasts.
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By: Josh Sloat

We're honored to announce that we've been invited to speak next week at the FIRST Robotics Championship in Houston, TX! This massive event is the world championship for elementary to high school-aged youth engaged in competitive robotics. The program and domain are near and dear to us, so we couldn't be more thrilled to be a part of it. Dr. Ashley Sloat worked closely with her son's FIRST team to help their young inventors develop patent rights via a provisional patent application for their State Championship qualifying Innovation Project. We're now looking forward to sharing insights gained with the rest of the FIRST Robotics world!
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Learn about the power of patents and how you can incorporate patenting into your FIRST Robotics programs, from FLL to FRC. For LEGO League Teams, pursuing a provisional patent can be a great addition to your Innovation Project. For all ages, learning about the patent process at a young age is a massive head start for those heading into STEM careers. We'll even be exploring success stories from FIRST teams that used IP to commercialize their innovations! Learn from an IP professional who’s guided everyone from inexperienced elementary teams to seasoned pros through the empowering process of patenting!

Session Number: 134
Date of Session: Wednesday, April 16, 2025
Time of Session: 4:00pm - 4:45pm
Room Location: 350DEF
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Founded in 1989 by inventor Dean Kamen, FIRST (For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology) is a global nonprofit organization that prepares the world's youth for the future through a suite of inclusive, team-based robotics programs for ages 4-18.

Hosted by FIRST, the 2025 FIRST Championship is a culminating, international event for its youth robotics competition season and an annual celebration of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) for the FIRST community as we prepare young people for the future.

The 2025 FIRST Championship takes place April 16-19 at the George R. Brown Convention Center in downtown Houston. 
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In addition to our mission of promoting innovation by helping inventors secure high-quality patent rights, we're also proud mentors and sponsors of First LEGO League (FLL) Team #64530 from Traverse City, Michigan. The Bricks (4) Brains team is made up of inspiring young elementary students who've already filed for their first patent and are diligently working their way toward earning a place at this incredible international competition.
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By: Josh Sloat

If a court stripped away your property rights, wouldn’t you at least want an explanation? The answer is obvious, but the reality is appalling. The practice of revoking patent rights on appeal without explanation has been happening to inventors at the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals (CAFC) at an alarming rate. In over 43% of PTAB cases on appeal at the CAFC, inventors receive a single-word response – “AFFIRMED” – rather than an opinion. This practice is referred to as the application of Rule 36 and, in cases involving the PTAB, amounts to the seizure of property from an administrative agency without any reasoning provided by a constitutionally created Article III court. 

ParkerVision has filed a petition for a writ of certiorari with the Supreme Court and recently submitted a reply brief in an attempt to get the Supreme Court to take up this innovation-crippling practice. In the coming days, the justices are scheduled to discuss the petition in private conference, where they will vote on whether to take the case.
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To help us unpack Rule 36 practice and what ParkerVision is hoping to do about it, Dr. Ashley Sloat and I have enlisted the assistance of the three people closest to this case and its implications:

• Jeffrey Parker, CEO of ParkerVision – an absolute pioneer in wireless technology.
• Amit Vora, appellate litigator at Kasowitz Benson Torres, representing ParkerVision in its petition for cert with the Supreme Court.
• Juliette Fassett from the Fair Inventing Fund, advocating for inventors’ rights. Juliette is an inventor herself, with over 30 years of experience building consumer product companies.

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Through an illuminating and sometimes heartbreaking interview, Jeff, Amit, and Juliette walk us through the core issues of what comes down to some very fundamental questions about both due process and inventor dignity. Along the way, we discuss:

• Innovation focus. The significance of ParkerVision’s innovations.
• State of the law. Rule 36, §144, and the PTAB.
• ParkerVision's cert. What sets this cert apart from prior attempts to get the Court to take on Rule 36.
• Dignity. The importance of judicial respect and the dignity of a reasoned explanation for patent holders who’ve had their rights stripped away.
• Due process. Why judicial reasoning is key to what makes a court decision a valid court decision.​
• The chilling effect that application of Rule 36 has on patent law, investment, and innovation.

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Patently Strategic is available on all major podcasting directories, including Apple Podcasts and Spotify. We're also available on 12 other directories including Stitcher, iHeart Radio, and TuneIn, so you should be able to find us wherever you listen to podcasts.
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In addition to everywhere you listen to podcasts, this complete video interview is available on our YouTube channel. We’re also publishing excerpts as short-form videos on Instagram Reels, YouTube Shorts, and TikTok alongside our monthly Mossoff Minutes where we provide updates and quick takes on movements in patent reform, significant court rulings, and innovation policy happenings, all with the assistance of Professor Adam Mossoff. 
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if you're wondering what you can do to help, you can always write your legislators should the courts let us down here, but in the meantime, you can do what we're doing – and that's sharing these concerns and the very real human stories behind them to help to raise broader public awareness. Please, like, subscribe, and more importantly, share! This matters for us. And it REALLY matters for our kids. 
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To further explore the topics discussed, see the following past episodes and resources:

Related Episodes

• Why Patents Exist with Professor Adam Mossoff
• PTAB Survival Guide
• American Inventor Horror Story
• Patent Wars: Innovators, Revolutionaries, and the Race to Reform

Related Reading

• ParkerVision's Petition for Cert with SCOTUS
• ParkerVision's Rule 36 Reply Brief

Transcripts​
We're also providing computer-generated transcripts for improved accessibility and additional reference opportunities.
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By: Josh Sloat

So, your patent application got rejected. Now what? 

In this month’s episode, we’re talking about rejection. Specifically, the type that comes from the patent office in the form of an intimidating sounding three-digit number when your application gets denied by an examiner. Some time after submitting your application, it goes into a process with the patent office called examination. This is the part of your patent’s prosecution journey where an examiner reviews your application for conformance to technical and legal requirements. If – and usually when – the examiner finds a problem, they will issue an office action that contains specific reasons for the rejection. You then have the opportunity to respond to and overcome the rejection, using various strategies we’ll explore today.  
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​Reasons for rejection fall under four sections of U.S. Statute, Title 35. Sections 101, 102, 103, and 112 dictate that patents must be eligible, useful, novel, nonobvious, and enabled (or properly described). Patents can be rejected or later invalidated if one or more of the claims are determined to be otherwise. 

Rejection on the basis of these four statutes is fortunately just the beginning of the delicate process of negotiating this important exchange that has promoted and enabled our innovation economy since the dawn of our country. Patent application rejection is common, expected, and can be used very strategically – but perhaps counterintuitively – to end up with the broadest possible protection, while also making sure there’s something in it for the public!
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In today’s episode, Patent Office Relationship Guru Daniel Wright leads a discussion with our all-star patent panel, delving deeply into defining, coping with, and then dealing with patent application rejection. Along the way, Dan and the panel discuss:

• Why patent applications are rejected.
• The specific types of rejection.
  
• Strategies for how to overcome each, including some wonderful insider insights specifically on how to work with examiners on the human level to overcome rejection.

In this month's Mossoff Minute, Professor Adam Mossoff debunks the myth that patents in the United States are monopolies that impeded innovation and block economic growth. We’re also publishing excerpts as short-form videos on Instagram Reels, YouTube Shorts, and TikTok.
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We’re excited to announce that we'll be releasing a very special episode next month, in which we’ll be interviewing Jeffrey Parker, the CEO of ParkerVision. ParkerVision is filing a U.S. Supreme Court Cert Petition challenging the Federal Circuit’s practice of issuing one-word affirmations (Rule 36) in cases that hold life-altering implications for inventors. ParkerVision’s petition aims to establish a baseline of judicial respect for patent holders, as judicial reasoning is key to what makes a court decision a valid court decision. 

Patently Strategic is available on all major podcasting directories, including Apple Podcasts and Spotify. We're also available on 12 other directories including Stitcher, iHeart Radio, and TuneIn, so you should be able to find us wherever you listen to podcasts.
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By: Josh Sloat

You’ve put too much into your innovation to come up short when its life depends on the measure of your patent. In the eyes of the patent office, judges, juries, PTAB admins, ITC officials, and IP-savvy investors, it doesn’t really matter how great, novel, or universe-denting your invention is if it is not properly defined and protected by your patent. The difference between a good patent and a bad one is the difference between a valuable, assertable, defendable property right – and a worthless vanity plate.

Fundamental Tension. Patents are not inexpensive and startups need patents when they can least afford them. This fundamental tension leads to two kinds of waste:​

So, when they do make sense, being intentional about quality is paramount in maximing your investment and avoiding waste. And the quality that goes in up front is directly proportional to the leverage it will give you later when you need it most. But what goes into a quality patent, and where possible, how do you get it without breaking the bank? Answering these questions will be the focus of our discussion.
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Please join us at 20Fathoms in Traverse City for this free lunch-and-learn presentation. This is an in-person event and space is limited. Please register. Lunch will be provided!

By: Josh Sloat

We're looking for a Medical Device and Software Patent Agent to help with patent portfolio management, application drafting, prosecution, and strategy. This is an exciting and critical step in our incredible growth trajectory – one sparked mainly by client love and referrals! 

This is a fully remote, full-time or part-time role (your choice) with a flexible work week. The position is salaried for a guaranteed 30 hours per week (part-time) or 40 hours per week (full-time) and payable at an equivalent hourly rate for any hours above. Benefits include 401k with match and paid time off. 

Who you are: You have an undying love for people and supporting inventors and team members with the highest level of quality, high-touch service. ​Ideally, you’ll also be a good mix of the following:

By: Josh Sloat

For the final episode of our 2024 season, we’re bringing it all together with a review of recent patent case law and how these decisions could impact your strategy going forward. The state of patent law – and its implications for the success of your business – is an ever-evolving landscape that combines the perspectives of the patent office, the judicial interpretations of the courts, and the legislative inputs of Congress. Broader situational awareness of movements on all three fronts will help not only with getting your IP right granted now but also in formulating a patent in a way that will maximize its odds of assertability and overall value when you later need it. 
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Kristen Hansen, Patent Strategy Specialist at Aurora, and Dr. David Jackrel, President of Jackrel Consulting, lead today’s two-part discussion with our all-star panel, dissecting recent court decisions impacting the core patenting issue of obviousness. Section 103 of U.S. Code, Title 35 governs how this concept applies to patentability. It essentially states that an invention cannot be patented if the differences between your claimed invention and the prior art are such that the claimed invention as a whole would have been obvious to a person having ordinary skill in the art at the time the invention was conceived. So determining obviousness is more than simply establishing that the invention doesn’t already exist and that it isn’t documented elsewhere. Its conception must also not have otherwise been obvious to those in the field at the time. 

If you’re thinking that sounds awfully subjective in the present and highly susceptible to hindsight bias in the future, you’d be right. Beyond being one of the four main drivers for patent application rejection at examination time, obviousness is also one of the primary vectors used by the Patent Trial and Appeal Board for invalidating patents via Inter Partes Review, so it’s essential to get this right so as to limit your patent’s potential invalidation surface area. 

In breaking this all down in terms of how obviousness has been playing out in the courts, Dave, Kristen, and the panel discuss:

Kristen and Dave are joined by our always exceptional group of IP experts, including:

In this month's Mossoff Minute, Professor Adam Mossoff discusses some incredibly exciting news about the PREVAIL Act, which is designed to bring much overdue reform to the Patent Trial and Appeal Board. We’re also publishing excerpts as short-form videos on Instagram Reels, YouTube Shorts, and TikTok.

Patently Strategic is available on all major podcasting directories, including Apple Podcasts and Spotify. We're also available on 12 other directories including Stitcher, iHeart Radio, and TuneIn, so you should be able to find us wherever you listen to podcasts.
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By: Josh Sloat

Patent examiners can make mistakes. Patent office clerks can misfile paperwork and cause procedural errors. The software tools, document formats like DOCX, and the IT systems your application passes through can have bugs. What recourse do you have when quality issues creep in at this stage? This is where petition practice, fortunately, comes to the rescue.
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​Patent petition practice is the process of filing formal requests, referred to as “petitions,” with the USPTO or other relevant patent offices to address procedural and administrative issues that can arise during the patent application process. Filing petitions can be an essential step to correct course when rules are misapplied, procedural errors occur, administrative actions need to be reversed, or deadlines are missed.
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To help us navigate this potentially patent-saving topic, we’ve enlisted the help of a guest host who’s spent considerable time in the belly of the beast. Julie Burke is a registered patent agent and former USPTO employee with 20 years of experience at the patent office. Julie rose up at the PTO to become a Quality Assurance Specialist – the type of manager you’d call when your case got off track. During this time, she handled more than 900 petitions at the patent office! After leaving the PTO, she founded her own consulting company, IP Quality Pro LLC, where she helps patent attorneys navigate complex situations in the patent system to protect their inventor’s ideas. This experience from both sides of the petition practice table has given Julie a level of access, experience, and insights shared by few in the industry, so we’re very fortunate to have her joining us today.

Julie also leverages this expertise as an expert witness in court on patent office procedures and practices – and her highly read investigatory articles are regularly published on sites including IPWatchdog, LAW360, and The Hill. Prior to her extensive career in IP, Julie earned a PhD in Biochemistry from the University of London College of Science, Technology and Medicine and a BA in Cellular and Molecular Biology from Johns Hopkins University. Julie is also presently an advisor for Petition.ai, the first searchable database of US patent prosecution petitions and associated documents. Julie is joined by the co-founder of Petition.ai, Michael Spector.
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This is our final episode in a multi-part series focused on quality patents. The prior four episodes have all been about managing quality for everything in your immediate control. Steps you and your practitioner should be taking before and after your patent is granted. But what about the last mile, where you’re turning your carefully crafted patent application over to the patent office for examination and prosecution? In today’s deep dive on petition practice, Julie, Michael, and our all-star patent panel discuss:

While this episode largely focuses on after final petition practice, we did want to point out that there are many other flavors of petitioning. Below are detailed descriptions of some of the most common and useful types of petitions. Some are more conventional and are used during normal prosecution. Others are used to move through the prosecution process faster. 
 
No Fee Petitions

Fee-Based Petitions

Patently Strategic is available on all major podcasting directories, including Apple Podcasts and Spotify. We're also available on 12 other directories including Stitcher, iHeart Radio, and TuneIn, so you should be able to find us wherever you listen to podcasts.
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By: Josh Sloat

For inventors, the promise of the patent system is the right to exclude others from making, using, importing, and selling their patented innovations for a limited period. But how do patent holders actually enforce those rights, particularly when the infringing product is being manufactured outside of the United States? In an otherwise challenging time for rights assertion, the ITC – or International Trade Commission – can be one of the most impactful long-range weapons an inventor has in their arsenal for stopping patent pirates.

The ITC has the authority to grant exclusion orders, which are enforced by U.S. Customs and Border Protection to block the importation of infringing products at U.S. ports of entry.
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But how can you access the ITC, what are its requirements, how can you afford it, and what should you be thinking about now to help future proof your patent portfolio for the most effective use later at the ITC? We’re answering all of these questions in an episode that is part of our ongoing series on patent quality – aimed at not just getting a granted patent but in having one that will hopefully be valuable and stand the test of time.
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Because experience is the best teacher, we’ve enlisted the help of Evan Langdon to guest host this month’s episode. Evan is a partner at Fabricant LLP and the Chair of its ITC practice. Evan has been focused on ITC litigation for the past 15 years, both offensively and defensively, having represented clients in more than forty Section 337 investigations at the ITC. Evan is recognized among the nation’s top ITC practitioners by Chambers USA and Chambers Global.
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Along the way, Evan and the panel discuss:

​Evan ​is joined today by our always exceptional group of IP experts, including:

Patently Strategic is available on all major podcasting directories, including Apple Podcasts and Spotify. We're also available on 12 other directories including Stitcher, iHeart Radio, and TuneIn, so you should be able to find us wherever you listen to podcasts.
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By: Josh Sloat

​For our 2024 RISE Awards, we partnered with our good friends at AquaAction in recognizing the winners of this year's Great Lakes AquaHacking Challenge. It's impossible to overstate the importance of protecting our most important natural resource, and Aqua's HackingChallenge presents a huge opportunity to help accelerate technologies that will both improve and protect our precious water ecosystems, as well as boost the local innovation economies they touch. Given the program's focus on bolstering post-secondary students and young professionals looking for a hands-on way to apply their talents and fight the freshwater crisis, we felt like the RISE Award was a natural fit in continuing its purpose of giving Aurora a way to do our part in helping to support innovative startups in their incredible, diligent efforts toward vital missions. 

Read on to learn more about AquaAction, the Great Lakes Challenge, and the three winners of the 2024 RISE Award: Baleena, Wave Lumina, and Amphoral Solutions!
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AquaAction is a charity that was created to disrupt the status quo with innovative ideas and engage youth in the fight against the water-related climate crisis. AquaAction has developed three programs focused on water innovation and technology, including the AquaHacking Challenge.

The AquaHacking Challenge is a tech innovation program focused on developing solutions to pressing freshwater issues within the Great Lakes watershed region. ​The program is open to American and Canadian post-secondary students and young professionals looking for a hands-on way to apply their talent and fight the freshwater crisis. This year's competition was the 13th installment and the first binational. The competition began with 170 participants across 40 teams. After months of intense preparation, the 10 finalists presented their groundbreaking solutions to compete for $35,000 in cash prizes in addition to this year's RISE Awards. The Challenge was hosted by Northwestern Michigan College (NMC) in Traverse City, Michigan and marks a very important step toward Traverse City becoming a blue-tech innovation hub.
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The winners of this year's RISE Award and the AquaHacking Challenge are pioneering necessary solutions for microplastics, PFAS, and lead contamination. ​It's hard to imagine a more impactful area of technology development to focus on promoting and investing in when you consider the following:​

​But the ​challenge is only the beginning of the journey for these entrepreneurs and that's why the RISE award can be so important to their long term success stories. We focus the output of the award on provisional applications and patent searching, whenever possible, to help these young innovators avoid two of the most common mistakes we see around public disclosure and competitive IP landscape awareness – making sure we're helping to establish the strongest possible intellectual asset foundation upon which to build their companies. 

​As with prior years, we awarded a free provisional application or $5,000 towards a non-provisional U.S. patent application to the first place team and two other $2,500 service-based awards to the runners-up, customized based on need, for patent-related services such as application drafting, patent searching, and competitive landscape analysis. We can't say it enough, but the recipients are a truly gifted collection of entrepreneurs who will surely do great things. ​We couldn’t be more thrilled about the potential to be a part of their journey! ​
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Baleena won first place at the AquaHacking Challenge, taking home the grand seed funding prize of $20,000 from AquaAction and a $5,000 patent service-based RISE Award from Aurora. Cofounders Julia Yan and Sarah Beth Gleeson have designed microfiber-trapping filters for household washing machines, tackling microplastic pollution at its source!  They are aiming to reduce microplastic pollution from synthetic clothing by empowering consumers to contribute to environmental protection with each load of laundry.
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Our thought bubble. You want to talk about impact? How about being able to improve the water leaving every single washing machine in the world? Microplastics are destroying the environment and poisoning our food supply, and Baleena's incredibly innovative filter is a universal, practical, and low-cost approach to crowd-sourcing a big chunk of the solution. Beyond crafting a great product, Baleena also has two of the most impressive young entrepreneurs we've seen in a RISE class. Having a great product is not enough. You also have to have founders with the DNA to see it through to execution and market success. That is no doubt the case with Baleena. Winning the AquaHacking Challenge and the RISE Award are just two more notches on an increasingly impressive list of accomplishments for Julia and Sarah Beth that already includes this great invention, landing some major pilot partners, raising over $500,000 to-date in mostly non-dilutive funding, and earning their way onto the 2024 Forbes 30 Under 30 list!

>> ​Learn more about Baleena
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Wave Lumina won second place at the AquaHacking Challenge, taking home $10,000 in seed money from AquaAction and a $2,500 patent service-based RISE Award from Aurora. Wave Lumina founder Vernon LaLone has developed a portable device for swiftly detecting ultra-low levels of PFAS and other contaminants in environmental samples, revolutionizing on-site environmental assessments. Before environmental engineering firms and government response teams can clean up forever chemicals like PFAS, they need to locate them, but lab testing is currently expensive and very time consuming. Wave Lumina's device, which they're calling the Containment Field Screening Device, is a groundbreaking new product that will enable onsite total PFAS testing and screening (including PFOS and PFOA) technology with same-day results! This can save months – or even years – of time for anyone working on contamination site remediation and PFAS destruction processes.

Our thought bubble. While chemical companies and regulators SLOWLY and FINALLY begin to own up to the problem, and we work toward a broader awareness (and hopefully reduced reliance on PFAS) – identification and remediation are next up for solving this massive health crisis. Wave Lumina's device will be instrumental in tackling a problem of incredible scope with an efficient, cost-effective, and truly scalable solution. Beyond impact, we also look to recognize great humans with the RISE Award, and Vernon is simply one of the nicest, smartest, hardest-working people you'll meet. We love to see it when good people do great things! 

>> ​Learn more about Wave Lumina
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Amphoral Solutions won third place at the AquaHacking Challenge, taking home $5,000 in seed money from AquaAction and a $2,500 patent service-based RISE Award from Aurora. Amphoral Solutions (previously Proto StLo) is developing an algal filtration technology that reduces lead concentration in industrial wastewater through powered algal extract and pH regulation. Amphoral Solutions was founded by the youngest team in the challenge – Merrick Marshall and Alejandro Poirier Corcuera, both students Champlain College St. Lawrence in Quebec!

Our thought bubble. Innovation knows no age boundaries! Merrick and Alejandro are two inspiring young inventors, well on their way to making a big impact – and that's really a sweet spot for the RISE Award. There's an unfortunate tension when it comes to patenting – and it's that you most need it when you can least afford it. This can be especially true for college students who are trying to balance innovation investment against the essentials of exorbitant tuition costs, books, room, and board. Lead presence in water is a problem domain that unfortunately hits very close to home in Michigan, so we're very happy to be helping Merrick and Alejandro protect their critical invention in any way we can. ​

>> ​Learn more about Amphoral Solutions
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To learn more about past recipients and hear stories about their innovation journeys, check out our Patently Strategic Podcast episode where we interviewed winners from the 2021 RISE class.
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